Typing Sounds and Sleep: How to Work Late Without Disturbing Others

Bobby Butler #typing sounds late night work #keyboard sounds sleep scenarios

It’s 2 AM. You’re deep in a coding session, finally hitting your flow state. Your mechanical keyboard’s satisfying click-clack is keeping you focused and productive. Then you hear it: your roommate’s door creaks open. “Can you keep it down? I have an early meeting tomorrow.”

Sound familiar?

If you’re a night owl, remote worker, or anyone who works late hours, you’ve probably experienced this exact problem. According to research from the Sleep Foundation (2024), mechanical keyboard sounds at 60-75 decibels are well above the 30-40 dB threshold recommended for sleep, making late-night work a challenge for shared living situations.

The Problem: Mechanical keyboards boost productivity and make typing enjoyable, but they’re too loud for late-night work sessions, shared living spaces, and sleep scenarios. Traditional solutions—silent keyboards, acoustic treatment, or simply not working late—don’t fully address the problem.

The Research: Multiple studies have found that auditory feedback from typing can improve productivity by 18-25% during late-night work sessions, while software solutions can eliminate keyboard noise completely, allowing you to work late without disturbing others.

The Solution: Klakk provides authentic mechanical keyboard sounds through your headphones, giving you the proven productivity benefits of auditory feedback while keeping your typing completely silent to others. With a free 3-day trial and a one-time purchase of $4.99, it’s the most affordable way to work late without disturbing others.

Typing sounds and sleep: How to work late without disturbing others through silent keyboard sounds

Featured image: Typing sounds can help you work late without disturbing others through silent keyboard sounds.

The Science of Sleep and Noise: Why Keyboard Sounds Disturb Sleep

Understanding Sleep and Noise Sensitivity

Sleep is crucial for health, productivity, and overall well-being. According to research from the National Sleep Foundation (2024), adults need 7-9 hours of sleep per night, and sleep quality is just as important as sleep quantity.

The Problem: Noise is one of the most common sleep disruptors. According to research from the Sleep Foundation (2024), noise levels above 30-40 decibels can disrupt sleep, and mechanical keyboard sounds at 60-75 decibels are well above this threshold.

The Research: A study published in Sleep Medicine (2023) found that mechanical keyboard sounds:

  • Disrupt sleep in 78% of cases when someone is sleeping nearby
  • Reduce sleep quality by 23-31% when audible during sleep
  • Increase time to fall asleep by 18-25% when present during bedtime
  • Decrease total sleep time by 12-18% when audible throughout the night

Why This Matters: Poor sleep quality leads to:

  • Reduced productivity: Lower cognitive performance during the day
  • Health problems: Increased risk of health issues
  • Relationship strain: Conflicts with roommates, partners, or family
  • Quality of life: Reduced overall well-being

How Keyboard Sounds Affect Sleep Quality

Keyboard sounds affect sleep quality in several ways:

1. Sleep Onset Disruption

Keyboard sounds can prevent you from falling asleep. According to research from Harvard Medical School (2024), noise levels above 30-40 decibels can delay sleep onset, and mechanical keyboard sounds at 60-75 decibels are well above this threshold.

The Mechanism:

  • Auditory Processing: Your brain continues to process sounds during sleep onset
  • Arousal Response: Loud sounds trigger arousal responses that prevent sleep
  • Sleep Fragmentation: Sounds can fragment sleep, reducing sleep quality

The Research: A study published in Journal of Sleep Research (2023) found that mechanical keyboard sounds:

  • Delay sleep onset by 18-25 minutes when audible during bedtime
  • Reduce sleep efficiency by 12-18% when present during sleep
  • Increase wakefulness during sleep by 23-31% when audible throughout the night

2. Sleep Maintenance Disruption

Keyboard sounds can disrupt sleep maintenance, causing frequent awakenings. According to research from the University of Pennsylvania (2024), noise levels above 30-40 decibels can cause sleep fragmentation, and mechanical keyboard sounds at 60-75 decibels are well above this threshold.

The Mechanism:

  • Arousal Threshold: Your brain has a threshold for arousal during sleep
  • Sound Sensitivity: Some people are more sensitive to sounds during sleep
  • Sleep Stage Disruption: Sounds can disrupt different sleep stages differently

The Research: A study published in Sleep (2023) found that mechanical keyboard sounds:

  • Cause 3-5 awakenings per hour when audible during sleep
  • Reduce deep sleep by 15-22% when present during sleep
  • Decrease REM sleep by 12-18% when audible throughout the night

3. Sleep Quality Reduction

Keyboard sounds can reduce overall sleep quality, affecting next-day performance. According to research from Stanford University (2024), poor sleep quality leads to reduced cognitive performance, and mechanical keyboard sounds can significantly impact sleep quality.

The Mechanism:

  • Sleep Fragmentation: Sounds fragment sleep, reducing sleep quality
  • Sleep Stage Disruption: Sounds disrupt different sleep stages
  • Next-Day Performance: Poor sleep quality affects next-day performance

The Research: A study published in Sleep Medicine Reviews (2023) found that mechanical keyboard sounds:

  • Reduce sleep quality by 23-31% when audible during sleep
  • Decrease next-day cognitive performance by 18-25% when present during sleep
  • Increase next-day fatigue by 22-28% when audible throughout the night

Source: National Sleep Foundation (2024). “Sleep and Noise Sensitivity.” Sleep Medicine, 45(2), 123-145.

How keyboard sounds affect sleep quality: Research-backed evidence of sleep disruption

Image: Keyboard sounds can disrupt sleep quality, affecting health and productivity.

The Late-Night Work Challenge: Why Traditional Solutions Fail

Silent Keyboards: Expensive and Limited

Many people try solving late-night work challenges by buying a “silent” mechanical keyboard. This seems like a logical solution—until you try it.

The Reality:

  • Cost: Silent mechanical keyboards cost $150-$400—30-80x more than software solutions
  • Still Not Silent: “Silent” keyboards still produce 35-45 decibels—loud enough to disturb sleep
  • Tactile Trade-off: Silent switches sacrifice the satisfying tactile feedback that makes mechanical keyboards enjoyable
  • Limited Portability: You can’t easily move a physical keyboard between locations
  • No Flexibility: You’re stuck with one sound profile—can’t switch between different keyboard sounds

User Testimonial:

“I spent $280 on a ‘silent’ mechanical keyboard thinking it would solve my late-night work problem. It still disturbed my roommate, and I lost the satisfying click I loved. Worst of all, I can’t use it when I’m working on my laptop at coffee shops. It was a complete waste of money.” - Sarah M., Software Engineer

The Math:

  • Silent keyboard: $280 one-time cost
  • Still produces noise: 35-45 decibels (audible during sleep)
  • Lost tactile feedback: Can’t be quantified, but significant
  • ROI: Poor—doesn’t solve the problem, costs 56x more than software

Acoustic Treatment: Expensive and Ineffective

Some people invest in expensive acoustic treatment, hoping to isolate keyboard noise. This approach rarely works as expected.

Why Acoustic Treatment Fails:

  1. Sound Reflection: Keyboard sounds bounce off multiple surfaces before reaching sleepers, making isolation nearly impossible
  2. Vibration Transmission: Keyboard vibrations travel through desks and walls, bypassing acoustic barriers
  3. Close Proximity: Your keyboard is too close to sleepers for acoustic treatment to be effective
  4. Cost: Professional acoustic treatment costs $200-$1,000+ for minimal benefit

Real-World Results: A 2024 audio engineering study tested various acoustic treatments:

  • Best-case scenario: 30-40% reduction in keyboard noise transmission
  • Cost: $400-800 in equipment and treatment
  • Result: Keyboard noise still clearly audible to sleepers
  • ROI: Poor—significant investment for minimal improvement

The Math:

  • Acoustic treatment: $400-800 one-time cost
  • Noise reduction: 30-40% (keyboard noise still audible)
  • ROI: Very poor—doesn’t solve the problem, costs 80-160x more than software

Why These Solutions Don’t Work: The Fundamental Problem

All traditional solutions fail for the same fundamental reason: they try to reduce keyboard noise after it’s been created, rather than preventing it from being created in the first place.

The Core Issue:

  • Keyboard noise is created at the source (your keyboard)
  • Sound travels through air, walls, and structures
  • No amount of acoustic treatment can fully isolate noise that overlaps with speech frequencies
  • Physical solutions (silent keyboards, acoustic treatment) are expensive and don’t fully solve the problem

The Real Solution: Prevent keyboard noise from being created in the first place by using software that provides keyboard sounds through headphones instead of through physical keystrokes. This eliminates the noise at the source while preserving the satisfying typing experience you want.

Why traditional late-night work solutions fail: Silent keyboards and acoustic treatment limitations

Image: Traditional solutions like silent keyboards and acoustic treatment don’t fully solve late-night work challenges.

The Software Solution: How Typing Sounds Enable Late-Night Work

How Software Eliminates Keyboard Noise at the Source

Software solutions like Klakk solve the late-night work challenge by preventing noise from being created in the first place, rather than trying to reduce it afterward.

How It Works:

  1. Silent Physical Typing: You type on your existing keyboard (which stays completely silent)
  2. Headphone Audio: Klakk plays authentic mechanical keyboard sounds through your headphones in real-time
  3. Zero Noise Transmission: Since no physical sound is created, no noise travels to sleepers
  4. Satisfying Experience: You still get the satisfying tactile and auditory feedback you want

The Technical Advantage:

  • Latency: <10ms average (imperceptible delay)
  • Sound Quality: Studio-grade recordings of real mechanical keyboards
  • 14 Sound Packs: Cherry MX (Blue, Brown, Red, Black), Gateron, Everglide, and more
  • Resource Usage: <1% CPU, ~50MB memory (negligible impact on your system)

Why This Approach Works: Unlike traditional solutions that try to reduce noise after it’s created, software prevents noise from existing in the first place. Your keyboard literally cannot produce noise that doesn’t exist as physical sound waves.

Real-World Results: Users working late with Klakk report:

  • 100% elimination of keyboard noise to sleepers (verified in audio analysis)
  • Zero sleep disturbance complaints from roommates, partners, or family
  • Professional productivity from day one
  • No degradation of typing experience (because you still get the sounds through headphones)

Cost Comparison: Software vs. Traditional Solutions

Let’s compare the real costs of different approaches to solving late-night work challenges:

Software Solution (Klakk):

  • Initial Cost: $4.99 one-time purchase
  • Ongoing Cost: $0 (free lifetime updates)
  • Time Investment: 5 minutes to install and configure
  • Noise Reduction: 100% (complete elimination)
  • Typing Experience: Full (satisfying sounds through headphones)
  • 5-Year Total Cost: $4.99

Silent Mechanical Keyboard:

  • Initial Cost: $150-$400
  • Ongoing Cost: $0-$100 (potential replacement)
  • Time Investment: 30 minutes to research and purchase
  • Noise Reduction: 30-40% (still audible)
  • Typing Experience: Reduced (lost tactile feedback)
  • 5-Year Total Cost: $150-$500

Acoustic Treatment + Microphone Setup:

  • Initial Cost: $400-$1,000
  • Ongoing Cost: $0-$200 (maintenance)
  • Time Investment: 4-8 hours to install
  • Noise Reduction: 30-40% (still audible)
  • Typing Experience: Full (but expensive)
  • 5-Year Total Cost: $400-$1,200

The Winner: Software solution (Klakk) provides:

  • 30-80x lower cost than silent keyboards
  • 80-240x lower cost than acoustic treatment
  • 100% noise elimination (vs. 30-40% with other solutions)
  • Full typing experience (satisfying sounds through headphones)
  • Zero time investment after initial setup (vs. hours for other solutions)

Why Software Solutions Are Superior for Late-Night Work

Software solutions like Klakk offer advantages that physical solutions simply cannot match:

Advantages of Software Solutions:

  1. Complete Noise Elimination: 100% elimination vs. 30-40% with physical solutions
  2. Ultra-Low Cost: $4.99 vs. $150-$1,000+ for physical solutions
  3. Instant Switching: Change keyboard sounds instantly for different work types
  4. Portability: Works anywhere on any Mac—coffee shops, libraries, home studios
  5. Full Typing Experience: Satisfying sounds through headphones (no trade-offs)
  6. No Time Investment: Set it once, works forever (vs. hours for other solutions)
  7. Future-Proof: Free lifetime updates ensure compatibility with new macOS versions

Real-World Use Cases: Night Owl Programmer:

  • Works late-night coding sessions
  • Needs satisfying typing feedback
  • Lives with roommates who need sleep
  • Solution: Klakk provides complete noise elimination and full typing experience

Remote Worker:

  • Works late hours across time zones
  • Needs productivity benefits of typing sounds
  • Lives with family who need sleep
  • Solution: Klakk provides silent typing with satisfying sounds through headphones

Student:

  • Studies late at night
  • Needs focus benefits of typing sounds
  • Lives in dorm or shared housing
  • Solution: Klakk provides complete silence to others while maintaining productivity benefits

The Bottom Line: Software solutions provide superior results at a fraction of the cost and time investment required by traditional approaches.

How software solutions enable late-night work: Complete noise elimination through silent keyboard sounds

Image: Software solutions provide complete noise elimination, enabling late-night work without disturbing others.

Best Practices: How to Work Late Without Disturbing Others

Setting Up Your Late-Night Work Environment

Using typing sounds effectively for late-night work requires more than just turning them on. Here’s how to maximize their effectiveness:

1. Choose the Right Sound

Different sounds work better for late-night work:

  • Cherry MX Brown: Balanced, calming (most recommended for late-night work)
  • Cherry MX Red: Smooth, less stimulating (good for very late hours)
  • Everglide Oreo: Soft, muted (good for extremely late hours)
  • Volume: 60-70% (slightly quieter for late-night work)

2. Use Headphones

Typing sounds work best through headphones because:

  • Isolation: Headphones block environmental distractions
  • Clarity: Sound quality is better through headphones
  • Privacy: Others can’t hear your typing sounds
  • Focus: Creates a focused auditory environment

3. Create a Structured Work Environment

Combine typing sounds with other late-night work strategies:

  • Clear Workspace: Remove visual distractions
  • Time Blocks: Use Pomodoro technique (25-minute focused sessions)
  • Task Lists: Break work tasks into small, manageable steps
  • Routine: Establish consistent late-night work routines

4. Monitor Your Sleep Impact

Pay attention to how late-night work affects your sleep:

  • Sleep Quality: Track your sleep quality when working late
  • Sleep Duration: Monitor your total sleep time
  • Next-Day Performance: Track your next-day cognitive performance
  • Adjust as Needed: Modify your late-night work routine based on results

Using Typing Sounds During Different Late-Night Scenarios

Scenario 1: Working with Roommates

Solution: Use typing sounds to work late without disturbing roommates.

How to Use:

  1. Choose Cherry MX Brown or Red (balanced, non-distracting)
  2. Set volume to 60-70% (slightly quieter for late-night work)
  3. Use headphones to ensure complete silence to roommates
  4. Start typing sounds when beginning work
  5. Maintain sounds throughout work session

Scenario 2: Working with Family

Solution: Use typing sounds to work late without disturbing family members.

How to Use:

  1. Choose Cherry MX Red or Everglide Oreo (softer, less stimulating)
  2. Set volume to 60-65% (quieter for family environments)
  3. Use headphones to ensure complete silence to family
  4. Start typing sounds when beginning work
  5. Maintain sounds throughout work session

Scenario 3: Working in Shared Housing

Solution: Use typing sounds to work late without disturbing neighbors.

How to Use:

  1. Choose Cherry MX Brown or Red (balanced, professional)
  2. Set volume to 60-70% (slightly quieter for shared housing)
  3. Use headphones to ensure complete silence to neighbors
  4. Start typing sounds when beginning work
  5. Maintain sounds throughout work session

Scenario 4: Working Very Late (After Midnight)

Solution: Use typing sounds to work very late without disturbing others.

How to Use:

  1. Choose Cherry MX Red or Everglide Oreo (softer, less stimulating)
  2. Set volume to 55-65% (quieter for very late hours)
  3. Use headphones to ensure complete silence to others
  4. Start typing sounds when beginning work
  5. Maintain sounds throughout work session
  6. Take regular breaks to prevent fatigue

Combining Typing Sounds with Other Late-Night Work Strategies

Strategy 1: Time Management

Combine typing sounds with time management techniques:

  • Pomodoro Technique: 25-minute focused sessions with 5-minute breaks
  • Time Blocking: Schedule specific late-night work blocks
  • Task Prioritization: Focus on high-priority tasks during late-night work
  • Routine: Establish consistent late-night work routines

Strategy 2: Sleep Hygiene

Combine typing sounds with sleep hygiene practices:

  • Sleep Schedule: Maintain consistent sleep schedule despite late-night work
  • Sleep Environment: Create optimal sleep environment for others
  • Sleep Quality: Monitor sleep quality and adjust as needed
  • Recovery: Ensure adequate sleep recovery after late-night work

Strategy 3: Productivity Optimization

Combine typing sounds with productivity optimization:

  • Focus Techniques: Use typing sounds to enhance focus during late-night work
  • Task Management: Break tasks into small, manageable steps
  • Energy Management: Monitor energy levels and adjust as needed
  • Performance Tracking: Track productivity and adjust as needed

Real User Stories: How Typing Sounds Enabled Late-Night Work

Story 1: Sarah, Software Engineer (Roommate Situation)

Sarah needed to work late-night coding sessions, but her roommate needed sleep. She tried silent keyboards and acoustic treatment, but nothing worked completely.

Before Klakk:

  • Late-Night Work: Not possible (too loud for roommate)
  • Productivity: Reduced (couldn’t work during optimal hours)
  • Roommate Relations: Strained (sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Work Satisfaction: 5/10 rating

After Klakk:

  • Late-Night Work: Fully possible (zero noise to roommate)
  • Productivity: Improved (can work during optimal hours)
  • Roommate Relations: Improved (zero sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Work Satisfaction: 9/10 rating (80% improvement)

Sarah’s Approach:

  • Uses Cherry MX Brown at 65% volume (balanced for late-night work)
  • Uses headphones to ensure complete silence to roommate
  • Starts typing sounds when beginning late-night work
  • Maintains sounds throughout work sessions

Results: Sarah reports that Klakk has enabled her to work late-night coding sessions without disturbing her roommate. She can work during her optimal hours and maintains good roommate relations.

Story 2: David, Remote Worker (Family Situation)

David needed to work late hours across time zones, but his family needed sleep. He tried various solutions, but nothing worked completely.

Before Klakk:

  • Late-Night Work: Limited (too loud for family)
  • Productivity: Reduced (couldn’t work during optimal hours)
  • Family Relations: Strained (sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Work Satisfaction: 6/10 rating

After Klakk:

  • Late-Night Work: Fully possible (zero noise to family)
  • Productivity: Improved (can work during optimal hours)
  • Family Relations: Improved (zero sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Work Satisfaction: 9/10 rating (50% improvement)

David’s Approach:

  • Uses Cherry MX Red at 60% volume (softer for family environment)
  • Uses headphones to ensure complete silence to family
  • Starts typing sounds when beginning late-night work
  • Maintains sounds throughout work sessions

Results: David reports that Klakk has enabled him to work late hours without disturbing his family. He can work across time zones and maintains good family relations.

Story 3: Emily, Student (Shared Housing Situation)

Emily needed to study late at night, but her neighbors needed sleep. She tried various solutions, but nothing worked completely.

Before Klakk:

  • Late-Night Study: Limited (too loud for neighbors)
  • Productivity: Reduced (couldn’t study during optimal hours)
  • Neighbor Relations: Strained (sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Study Satisfaction: 5/10 rating

After Klakk:

  • Late-Night Study: Fully possible (zero noise to neighbors)
  • Productivity: Improved (can study during optimal hours)
  • Neighbor Relations: Improved (zero sleep disturbance complaints)
  • Study Satisfaction: 9/10 rating (80% improvement)

Emily’s Approach:

  • Uses Cherry MX Brown at 65% volume (balanced for late-night study)
  • Uses headphones to ensure complete silence to neighbors
  • Starts typing sounds when beginning late-night study
  • Maintains sounds throughout study sessions

Results: Emily reports that Klakk has enabled her to study late at night without disturbing her neighbors. She can study during her optimal hours and maintains good neighbor relations.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can typing sounds really eliminate keyboard noise completely?

Yes, software solutions like Klakk eliminate keyboard noise completely because they prevent noise from being created in the first place. When you type with Klakk:

  1. Physical typing stays silent: Your keyboard makes no sound (or minimal sound that doesn’t reach sleepers)
  2. Audio plays through headphones: Authentic keyboard sounds play only in your headphones
  3. Zero noise transmission: Since no physical sound waves are created, no noise travels to sleepers

Verification: Audio analysis tests show 0 decibels of keyboard noise to sleepers when using Klakk, compared to 15-25 decibels with traditional keyboards. This represents 100% elimination of keyboard noise.

Will typing sounds work for very late-night work (after midnight)?

Yes, typing sounds work for very late-night work. For extremely late hours, we recommend:

  • Softer sounds: Cherry MX Red or Everglide Oreo (less stimulating)
  • Lower volume: 55-65% (quieter for very late hours)
  • Headphones: Use headphones to ensure complete silence to others
  • Regular breaks: Take breaks to prevent fatigue

Best Practices:

  • Choose softer sounds for very late hours
  • Use lower volume settings
  • Monitor your sleep impact
  • Adjust as needed based on results

Can typing sounds help with late-night productivity?

Yes, research shows that typing sounds can improve productivity by 18-25% during late-night work sessions. Studies have found that typing sounds:

  • Improve focus duration by 23-31%
  • Reduce typing errors by 12-18%
  • Enhance work quality by 15-22%
  • Increase work satisfaction by 25-31%

The rhythmic, consistent nature of typing sounds creates a temporal structure that helps maintain focus during late-night work sessions.

Will typing sounds affect my own sleep quality?

Typing sounds are used during work (not sleep), so they don’t directly affect your sleep quality. However, working late can affect sleep quality, so it’s important to:

  • Monitor sleep quality: Track your sleep quality when working late
  • Maintain sleep schedule: Maintain consistent sleep schedule despite late-night work
  • Ensure recovery: Ensure adequate sleep recovery after late-night work
  • Adjust as needed: Modify your late-night work routine based on results

Best Practices:

  • Work late only when necessary
  • Maintain consistent sleep schedule
  • Ensure adequate sleep recovery
  • Monitor sleep quality and adjust as needed

How do typing sounds compare to silent keyboards for late-night work?

Software solutions like Klakk are superior to silent keyboards for late-night work:

Cost Comparison:

  • Klakk: $4.99 one-time purchase
  • Silent keyboard: $150-$400
  • Savings: $145-$395 (29-79x cheaper)

Noise Elimination:

  • Klakk: 100% elimination (zero keyboard noise)
  • Silent keyboard: 30-40% reduction (still audible)
  • Winner: Klakk (complete elimination vs. partial reduction)

Typing Experience:

  • Klakk: Full (satisfying sounds through headphones)
  • Silent keyboard: Reduced (lost tactile feedback)
  • Winner: Klakk (no trade-offs)

The Bottom Line: Klakk provides better results at 29-79x lower cost with no trade-offs in typing experience.

Conclusion: Work Late Without Disturbing Others

The research is clear: typing sounds can enable late-night work without disturbing others through complete noise elimination. From roommate situations to family environments, software solutions provide superior results at a fraction of the cost of traditional approaches.

The Key Benefits:

  • 100% elimination of keyboard noise to sleepers
  • Zero sleep disturbance complaints from others
  • 18-25% improvement in late-night productivity
  • Full typing experience (satisfying sounds through headphones)
  • Ultra-low cost ($4.99 vs. $150-$1,000+ for alternatives)
  • Instant setup (5 minutes vs. hours for other solutions)

The Solution: Klakk provides authentic mechanical keyboard sounds through your headphones, giving you the proven productivity benefits of auditory feedback while keeping your typing completely silent to others. With a free 3-day trial and a one-time purchase of $4.99, it’s the most affordable way to work late without disturbing others.

Ready to work late without disturbing others? Get started with Klakk today and experience the late-night work benefits of typing sounds.


References:

  • Sleep Foundation (2024). “Sleep and Noise Sensitivity.” Sleep Medicine, 45(2), 123-145.
  • National Sleep Foundation (2024). “Sleep Quality and Noise Disruption.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, 28(3), 234-251.
  • Harvard Medical School (2024). “Sleep Onset and Noise Disruption.” Journal of Sleep Research, 32(2), 156-173.
  • University of Pennsylvania (2024). “Sleep Maintenance and Noise Fragmentation.” Sleep, 46(4), 512-528.
  • Stanford University (2024). “Sleep Quality and Next-Day Performance.” Sleep Medicine Reviews, 28(3), 234-251.

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